What Is National Debt

Simply put, national debt is the total amount of debt a federal government has borrowed and, therefore, owes to creditors or back to itself. National debt is a very important element of a countrys financial system. Around the world, national debt is known by many names, including, but not limited to: government debt  and federal debt. But not every one of these terms is perfectly synonymous with national debt. Other Terms for National Debt Though most of the above terms are used in reference to the same concept, there can be some differences and nuances in their meaning. For instance, in some countries, particularly federal states, the term government  debt may refer to the debt of state, provincial, municipal, or even local governments as well as debt held by a central, federal government. Another example involves the meaning of the term public debt. In the United States, for instance, the term public debt refers specifically to the public debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, which includes treasury bills, notes, and bonds, as well as savings bonds and special securities issued to state and local governments. In this sense, U.S. public debt is but one piece of what is considered the gross national debt, or all of the  direct liabilities of the U.S. government. One of the other terms in the United States that is mistakenly used synonymously with national debt is national deficit. Lets discuss how those terms are related, but not interchangeable. National Debt Versus National Deficit in the U.S. While many in the United States confuse the terms national debt and national deficit (including our very own politicians and U.S. government officials), in reality, they are distinct concepts. The federal or national deficit refers to the difference between the governments receipts, or revenues the government takes in, and its outlays, or the money it spends. This difference between receipts and outlays can either be positive, indicating that the government took in more than it spent (at which point the difference would be labeled a surplus rather than a deficit) or negative, which reveals a deficit. The national deficit is officially calculated at the end of the fiscal year. When outlays outnumber revenues in value, the government must borrow money to make up the difference.  One of the ways the government borrows money to fund the deficit is by issuing Treasury securities and savings bonds.   The national debt, on the other hand, refers to the value of those Treasury securities issued. In a sense, one way to consider these two distinct, but related terms  is to view the national debt as accumulated national deficits. The national debt exists as a result of those national deficits. What Makes up the U.S. National Debt? The total national debt includes all of those Treasury securities issued to the public to fund the national deficit as well as those issued to the Government Trust Funds, or intragovernmental holdings, which means that a  portion of the national debt is debt held by the public (public debt) while the other (much smaller) piece is effectively held  by government accounts (intragovernmental debt). When people refer to the debt held by the public, they are specifically excluding that portion that is held by government accounts, which is essentially the debt that the government owes back to itself from borrowing against money earmarked for other uses.  This public debt is debt  held by individuals, corporations, state or local governments, Federal Reserve Banks, foreign governments, and other entities outside the United States.

Essay On Career Counseling - 1058 Words

Career Counseling Gay Men in Recovery: Issue Analysis Report Gay culture has been attributed to the high statistics of gay men’s substance abuse issues, which are estimated to remain by and large at more than twice the nine percent rate of the general population (www.drugabuse.gov). Accordingly, it is probable that a bar/club attitude has persisted over countless decades because living as a gay man was illegal and the last vestiges of acceptance remained at the local speakeasy type rendezvous that urged alcohol upon its patrons. Even though there is a deficiency in statistics, more than a decade of research suggests that LGBT populations have been linked with elevated rates of alcohol consumption and substance use (www.samhsa.gov).†¦show more content†¦Compounding these issues, Pope et al. (2004) suggests that aspects of the cultural identity for gay man comprises of staying extra aware of their gay identity rather than their archetypal male identity. However, the gay man may struggle with choosing to remain guarded because of enduring feelings, may be affected by self-hatred, and may continue to ruminate about appearances of being gay and extricate gay facets of their life from their non-gay agendas which may hinder their social, psychological, and emotional development. A gay man’s lack of career development stems from negative stereotypes, employment discrimination, minority group status, and limited role model’s due to cultural oppression (Datti, 2009). Whereas, trying to locate employment in recovery can be a frustrating process due to stigma, legal issues, resume gaps, and whether to disclose past substance misuse (Graham, 2006). Hence, counseling a gay client in recovery has several implications that include; accurate assessment, life stage and transitions, cultural counseling, and utilization of role models which will be explored in this article. Assessment To offer effective assistances to gay men, each counselor must utilize traditional career counselor roles, methods, and values. The counselor must be willing to explore established supports,Show MoreRelatedCareer Counseling Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe career services professional supports the educational mission of a college by assisting students to develop, evaluate, and pursue career aspirations with the goal of securing employment. Career services professionals accomplish these goals with a range of programs, counseling and services designed to help students make the connection between the academic environment and the workplace. Career Counseling, or Career Services depending on the institution, is frequently offered on a one-on-oneRead MorePursuing a Career in Counseling Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesI wanted to directly impact people’s lives and my personal experiences have set me on the school-counseling path. In the future, I would love to influence another generation of students to soar for their dreams. During the past three years of college, my interest in counseling has been affirmed through a variety of experiences. One important experience that influenced my decision to pursue a career as a school counselor was my involvement in my community service sorority, Chi Delta Alpha. ThroughRead MoreEssay on A Career in Multicultural Counseling491 Words   |  2 Pagesmulticultural counseling include the following answers. The main purpose of multicultural counseling is creating a positive and friendly environment, when counseling clients from an ethical or racial background or minority group. The main goal for counselors is to recognize issues of multicultural diversity in today’s society. These potential clients can include people in business, medical, or manufacturing as well as, students, and immigrants. 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Christians advocate the use of spiritual discernment in order to guide the decision making process. Properly interpreting the will of God for one’s life is at the heart of each of our choices includ ing those choices involving vocation. PersonalRead MoreCareer Counseling Over the Lifespan Essay3622 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract Career counseling over the lifespan has more than an occupational focus, it deals with the person’s entire being with a vision that includes one’s lifespan. Career counseling takes into consideration character development, character skills, life roles, individual life and work history, goals, and obstacles. A career counselor not only assists a client with a career plan, but also with a life plan. This paper focuses on two categories of career counseling. 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Program faculty will evaluate your materials and make the final decision on your admission. †¢ Addictions Counseling †¢ Career Counseling †¢ Marriage and Family Counseling / Therapy †¢ Mental Health Counseling †¢ School Counseling YourRead MoreExpository Essay : Career And Psychology865 Words   |  4 Pages Expository Essay Remembering back we had just come out of the 1950’s with straight lace kids to a world of kids who thought something was wrong with America, rock ‘ n roll, rebellion. Those were turbulent times for families with gangs and turf wars. Parents would lead and guide their kids into careers particularly the medical field as doctors, nurses or lawyers. In some way those were simple times back then, guiding them andRead MoreTaking a Look at Crisis Counseling1319 Words   |  5 Pagesthey have heard about the subject is tremendously high. This is because psychology is subclassed with crazy people, which in fact could not be further from the truth. The following essay will clear up this illustration about psychology by further breaking down one of its fields, Crisis Counseling. Crisis Counseling is exactly as it sounds, it deals with individuals after a traumatic event. Crisis counselors not only conduct interviews with the patient(client), they also: assist clients in following

Strategy Formulation and Implemention

Question: What is strategy? Answer: Introduction Strategy formulation is always a process which has been debated for its effectiveness and success ratio. Researchers believe that it is always a difficult task to predict the future in form of strategy formulation (Karami, 2012). Especially when it comes to strategy related to economic decisions. All organisations, irrespective of their size of industry have to face challenges related to strategic decisions. At times some organisation might succeed in getting a right strategic decision, whereas at times, a specific strategic decision can create a major mess. That is why, it becomes important to analyze, that in real world how strategy formulation and implementation can result into situations which can result into both favorable as well non-favorable situation. Purpose of this essay is to critically analyze the concept of strategy formulation and implementation, so that a conclusion can be derived about the process of strategy formulation and its effectiveness. What is strategy? Before analyzing the impact of strategy decisions and its other aspects, it is first important to understand the concept of strategy itself. Words such as strategy and strategic decisions are associated with issues such as: Defining long term direction for an organisation, this is an important aspect of strategy, which means taking such decisions which defines the long term approach of an organisation towards transforming itself (Ramaseshan et al, 2013, pp.1224-1250). For example, Yahoo! Inc. after years of domination in internet industry faced sudden collapse in its revenue due to poor decisions made by its management. As part of strategic decisions, CEO was changed, who laid down an entire new approach towards rebuilding the company and introducing new products in search engine market. Her strategic decisions helped Yahoo! in recapturing a large share of market which it lost. Providing advantage for the organisation over competition is an important characteristic of the strategy. Often it has been seen that as a result of strategy decisions, organisations are able to gain significant competitive advantage over the competition. However, in order to achieve the advantage, it is essential that strategic decision should be successful. At times, a strategy formulated might result into the opposite as well, and the organisation might lose its competitive advantage to the competitors. Above are two of the basic and common characteristics of the strategy. Based on the above characteristics, and various researches and reports, strategy can be defined as the direction and scope of an organisation over a long term, which enables the organisation to achieve advantage in the changing environment through effective utilization of the available resources and competencies (Fredriksson Larsson, 2012). Core aim of the strategy is mainly focused on fulfilling the expectations of the stakeholders associated with the organisation. Hence, a stakeholder can be an employee, shareholder or anyone associated with the organisation that might be impacted by the performance of the organisation. Strategic decisions-failure and debate It can be said that strategic decisions are about providing long term direction to an organisation. These decisions to a large extent impact the scope of the organisations activities and to a large extent address the change in the business environment. In such circumstances, strategy might be complex in nature, and often made in situation of uncertainties (Hart Logan, 2011, pp.81-106). It has been observed that strategic decisions often require an integrated approach both inside as well as outside an organisation to be implemented successfully. Strategies are often implemented at either corporate level or at business level. However it has been observed that strategy at times also leads to failure and mess in terms of economic implications. For example, Kodak which is famous for its film based business model used for photographs and movies failed miserably due to one strategic blunder it did in 1975. According to one of the work on Kodaks failure it was revealed that it was Steve Sasson, the Kodak engineer who invented the first digital camera in 1975. When Steve presented his invention in front of Kodaks management team, they brushed it aside and asked him to focus on Kodaks film based photograph business model. Kodaks management clearly failed to see that digital camera was a potential disruptive technology which later on changed the complete concept of photography to an extent that use of films was no more required, and Kodak from being a leader in film based photography eventually filed for bankruptcy (Kruger Mama, 2012, pp.152-169). This example of Kodak reveals the risky part of the strategy. Kodaks strategic decision was based on the fact that Kodak didnt want to lose its leadership position in the market of film based photography, by brining a new product which might result into creation of new industry all together, however what Kodak failed to see in its strategy that if not Kodak then someone else would invent the digital camera, and take advantage of the device to gain edge over Kodak. In fact, Kodak could have further consolidated its position in the market of photography if it would have been able to initiate the technology of digital camera before any other company like Canon or Nikon. The core aspect of above example is to reveal the risk and uncertain part which is involved with the strategy formulation and implementation. Often strategy formulation and implementation is associated with success and positive result. Majority of the companies perceive strategic changes with a positive outcome even before strategy is implemented in real life, due to which there are financial loses, brand failures and various other issues which comes up (Andrews, 1997, p.52). According to the work on strategic decisions titled Strategy Safari by Henry Mintzberg, Bruce Ahlstrand and Jospeh Lampel there are ten perspective towards strategy formulation mentioned below: The Design school, which perceives strategy formation as a process of conception. The Planning school, which sees strategy formation as a formal process. The Positioning school, seen strategy formation as an analytical process. The entrepreneurial school, where strategy formation is a visionary process. The cognitive school, views strategy formation as a mental process. The learning school sees strategy formation as an emergent process. The power school sees strategy formation as a process of negotiation. The cultural school sees strategy formation as a collective process The environmental school sees strategy formation as a reactive process The Configuration school sees strategy formation as a process of transformation. Hence, it can be seen that in several ways strategy formulation can be seen. However more important aspect to debate upon is the effectiveness of the process of strategy formulation. Over a period of time, it has been observed that there are several organisation which failed miserably due to its strategic decisions, which eventually raises the question that how effective is the process of strategy formulation (Baird Thomas, 2006, pp.230-243). Researchers who advocate the process of strategy implementation always focus on understanding the future trend, and based on that perception forming a strategy which can help the organisation to gain competitive advantage in the market. However this aspect might not be true always. At times, companies have failed miserably, even after ensuring that they were prepared with their strategy to tackle competition and change in market environment. Failure of Nokia-which was mobile handset manufacturer leader in 1990s and early 2000s, highlights the surprising facts that how even after focusing on its strategy, it failed to understand the market trend and collapsed miserably from position of leadership to getting acquired by Microsoft. Nokia, which dominated the mobile handset market with its products based on Symbian operating system became too complacent with its line of product, and never felt on innovating something major to revamp its offering to the products (Hedberg jhsson, 1999, pp.88-109). It failed to read the market requirement for an operating system which was more graphical and easy to use. Moreover Nokia also failed to understand the requirement for touch-based mobile devices and continued to push its key based devices in the market. Eventually, other manufacturers like Samsung, Apple, and LG etc. quickly gained market share with their innovative touch screen based mobile devices and Android operating system. Above example, highlights the fact that even after have a proper strategy a company can fail miserably. It is not that Nokia didnt innovate but problem is that is strategy for future was based on wrong assumptions that people will continue to use its devices which were less innovative. However, its assumption proved to be wrong and resulted into its collapse of the company (Noy Ellis, 2003, pp.691-707). Important aspect regarding strategy is about its future perspective. Strategies are always formed on certain assumptions and current data. For example, if a company decides to open it manufacturing plant in a different country, then it will be a strategic decision which will be based on several external and internal factors. Organisations even focus on the perceived failure or success of the strategy, but issue is that strategy implementation and its result is something which cannot be judged immediately. At times, effect of strategy takes years to realize, especially when it is related to large organisations transformation. The core issue with strategic decisions remains its futuristic nature, element of uncertainty in strategy is something which makes us think that how relevant it is to formulate and implement a strategy when its success or failure is not known? This debate on relevance of strategy should be based on the cases of successful as well as failed strategies. There have been several cases of organisational successes due to strategic decisions taken by the organisation. For example Apples decision to launch its tablet based PC known as iPad in 2007 was a major success. It is important to note is that, Apple didnt innovate tablet based PC; it was Microsoft which initially launched the tablet which failed miserably in the market (Salmela Spil, 2002, pp.441-460). However Apples decision to reignite the tablet category surprised several industry observers as they believed that market will not prefer tablet PCs such as iPad. However, Apple completely surprised the market with tremendous success of iPad. Today, the scenario is that tablets are already being seen as an alternative to laptops and other computing devices. In this scenario, Apples strategy highlights the fact that strategy is a calculated risk which an organisation has to take, but even more important to understand is that Apples strategy was not just a fluke, its strategy related to launch iPad was integrated with the fact that iPad is an extremely superior product with an already popular operating system iOS, which means, that in order to ensure that a strategy is successful, companies need to have focused on their ground work such as building right product, creating right market environment, and overall launching appropriate market campaign to launch the product. Similarly, at times strategy success is also related to organisational transformation where organisations which are going through rough phase, transform itself towards a successful future (Bourgeois, 1999, pp.25-39). There are several examples like iPad, which highlights the fact that strategy if formulated on right data, and correct understanding of market can help an organisation to reap tremendous benefits. However there are organisations like Nokia, Polaroid and Kodak etc. who failed miserably in the market due to their incorrect assumption about future market and trends. Conclusion Important question is that, is there any specific formula to ensure strategic success in various scenarios? Based on the above analysis it can be said that irrespective of any theory revolving around strategy formulation and implementation, there will be always an element of uncertainty which will be part of strategic decisions. There can be no sure shot successful or failure strategy. However, organisations can definitely focus on creating the best possible strategy based on its currents strategy, macro and micro environmental factors and available resources with it. Based on these aspects an organisation or an individual can make the best strategy as per their criteria. Its success or failure however will not just depend on the factors supported by the organisation, but also various external or internal factors which might not be in control of the organisation. In such circumstances, it can be said that there is always an element of risk of with strategy implementation which can ne ver be removed, however this risk element can definitely minimized to the lowest possible level. References Karami, A. 2012.Strategy formulation in entrepreneurial firms. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Ramaseshan, B., Ishak, A., Kingshott, R. P. 2013. Interactive effects of marketing strategy formulation and implementation upon firm performance. Journal of Marketing Management,29(11-12), 1224-1250. Fredriksson, G., Larsson, H. 2012. An analysis of maintenance strategies and development of a model for strategy formulation. Hart, S. D., Logan, C. 2011. Formulation of violence risk using evidence-based assessments: The structured professional judgment approach.Forensic case formulation, 81-106. Kruger, C. J., Mama, M. N. 2012. Incorporating business strategy formulation with identity management strategy formulation.Information Management Computer Security,20(3), 152-169. Andrews, K. R. 1997. 5 The Concept of Corporate Strategy.Resources, Firms, and Strategies: a reader in the resource-based perspective, 52. Baird, I. S., Thomas, H. 2006. Toward a contingency model of strategic risk taking.Academy of Management Review,10(2), 230-243. Hedberg, B., jhsson, S. 1999. Strategy formulation as a discontinuous process.International Studies of Management Organization, 88-109. Noy, E., Ellis, S. 2003. Risk: a neglected component of strategy formulation.Journal of Managerial Psychology,18(7), 691-707. Salmela, H., Spil, T. A. 2002. Dynamic and emergent information systems strategy formulation and implementation.International Journal of Information Management,22(6), 441-460. Bourgeois, L. J. 1999. Strategy and environment: A conceptual integration. Academy of management review,5(1), 25-39.

Emotional Intelligence & Language Learning-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Make a Critical Review on the Subject Emotional Intelligence. Answer: The aim of the following paper is to make a critical review of a particular journal article on the subject emotional intelligence. Thus, in the following, the paper would first give a brief about the main contents of a chosen article and thereafter would make a literature review by critically assessing the article contents. The article that has been chosen for the aforementioned purpose is The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Language Learning Strategy Use by Meysam Zafari and Reza Biria. The considered article has focused on determining the potential influence of the aspect of emotional intelligence on the choices of learning strategies. In order to acquire relevant as well as adequate amount of data to identify the potential impact of emotional intelligence, the research article has pursued a random survey on 100 Iranian student of EFL, who belong to the average age of 24.4 years (Zafari Biria, 2014). The results, which has been occupied by the survey is indicative of the fact that the aspect of emotional intelligence is a potentially correlated at the initial level of language learning strategies. Most importantly, as per the article findings, emotionally intelligent students are more efficient in using the language learning strategies than those who have less emotional intelligence. In order to occupy the aforementioned finding, it has been found out that the article used several instruments for conducting the test, such as The Persian Version of Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, Oxford placement test and The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (Zafari Biria, 2014). The result has given the final indication that strategies, which are cognitive, metacognitive as well as compensation based are used more and in a systematic manner by the emotionally intelligent students. In this context, it is necessary to mention that emotional intelligence is a determining factor for acquiring the ability to be encouraged as well as to regulate mood of human individuals (Rouhani, 2013). According to the Romanian education system, most of the time teaching learning systems does not properly acknowledge the emotional dimension factor of the students personality and therefore applies inappropriate teaching strategies upon the students (Rokni et al., 2014). The article has attempted to highlight the fact that emotional intelligence helps students to learn fast and more progressively and such perception is a fact worth admitting. It is because emotional intelligence helps students in having emotional awareness, self-control as well as emotional regulation (Sheldon et al., 2014). Moreover, emotional intelligence enhances the level of empathy, which helps the students in getting an in-depth insight about audio as well as visual contents (Hen Goroshit, 2014). The tests co nducted upon the ESL students have successfully implied the fact that learning strategies have been more efficiently by those students who has adequate amount of emotional intelligence that those who have less. It has been found out that the considered article has established the fact that there is a firm relationship between the emotional intelligence and language learning strategies. The research has brought out the fact that emotionally intelligent students use cognitive, metacognitive and social and compensation strategies. In this context, it is required to be mention that the article has rightly focused on the chief language learning strategies and has established a correlation between the chief learning strategies like cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies (Mega et al., 2014). Thus, it can be contemplated that the article has provided a potential contribution by enlightening the fact that emotional intelligence is one of the chief determining factors for the accomplishment of metacognitive as well as cognitive and social strategies of learning. On the other hand, the article has also advised at the final stage of the article that it should be one of the mandatory duties of the curriculum developers to give the students the opportunity to grow emotional intelligence and successfully accomplish varied learning strategies. Such advice is relevant as per the reason that most of the time educational institutes face the issue with the educators or the curriculum developers who forgets about the fact that without enough amount of emotional intelligence, it is not easy for the students to apply the learning procedures flexibly. However, the most significant recommendation made by the article is that, unlike the aspect of general intelligence, emotional intelligence is a factor that can be learned as well as developed. It is hence indicative of the fact that, learning contents as well as the strategies should be effective enough in helping students to grow their emotional intelligence as well as acquiring relevant knowledge. Thus, it can be finally contemplated that the article has a handful of relevant contents and recommendations, which can fruitfully help educators or teachers in future to help their students in progress in a more fruitful way. References Hen, M., Goroshit, M. (2014). Academic procrastination, emotional intelligence, academic self-efficacy, and GPA: A comparison between students with and without learning disabilities.Journal of learning disabilities,47(2), 116-124. Mega, C., Ronconi, L., De Beni, R. (2014). What makes a good student? How emotions, self-regulated learning, and motivation contribute to academic achievement.Journal of Educational Psychology,106(1), 121. Rokni, S. J. A., Hamidi, H., Gorgani, T. (2014). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and language achievement: A case of TEFL and Non-TEFL university students.International Journal of language learning and applied linguistics world,5(3), 117-127. Rouhani, A. (2013). An investigation into emotional intelligence, foreign language anxiety and empathy through a cognitive-affective course in an EFL context.Linguistik online,34(2). Sheldon, O. J., Dunning, D., Ames, D. R. (2014). Emotionally unskilled, unaware, and uninterested in learning more: Reactions to feedback about deficits in emotional intelligence.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(1), 125. Zafari, M., Biria, R. (2014). The relationship between emotional intelligence and language learning strategy use.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,98, 1966-1974.